Mapp v. Ohio and Miranda v. Arizona Supreme Cases and their Effects on Assignment - 3

Mapp v. Ohio and Miranda v. Arizona Supreme Cases and their Effects on Interaction of Criminal Suspects and Law Enforcement Officers - Assignment Example Miranda vs. Arizona Miranda was arrested due to circumstantial evidence that accused him of kidnapping and raping an 18-year –old woman, 10 days before his arrest. He signed a statement pleading guilty of the offense without knowing his right to counsel. The supreme court of Arizona affirmed the court’s decision to admit the confession. However, Earl Warren, the chief justice ruled that due to the interrogation nature, where he was not informed of his rights by the police, such evidence of his confession could not be used against him, since he was not aware of his rights and hence, he had waived them (Brooks 177). From the Miranda vs. Arizona case, police advertisement of the rights of the criminal suspect before the start of questioning was brought about by the Miranda warning. The court has since reiterated the Miranda ruling that all case questioning must cease if a suspect in custody is being questioned when he has requested a lawyer. The 1992 Miranda rights have ef fectively been extended to US immigrants. Since then, illegal aliens who are arrested each year must read the Miranda warnings and be ready for their rights (Leo and George, 325). Legal officers have to arrest a suspect and listen to them without asking them questions while talking. On the other hand, police may question the suspect without the warnings of Miranda even in the confines of a police station. This is however only applicable when the police officer is questioning a person who is neither a suspect nor under arrest. Since all suspects must be read for their individual rights, the court has subsequently ruled that any waiver of the same rights must be voluntary, knowing and intelligent (Gerald 243). Mapp V. Ohio Prior to the 1960s, the United States Supreme Court only infrequently intruded on all criminal justice system’s operations at the local and state levels (Bloom 245). In 1961, Earl Warren, the chief justice of the supreme court made a decision about a case tha t forever changed the face of law enforcement in America (Brooks 12).        

Envious longings Essay Example for Free

Envious longings Essay Desire of wealth in ‘The Necklace’ by Guy De Maupassant and ‘Neighbors’ by Raymond Carver Desire of wealth can be considered as the principal cause of the chaos in the world. Desire for wealth makes our society a real pandemonium. Desire for wealth triggers innumerable problems in the life of human beings. Absence of desire for wealth would have made this world a real paradise. Desire for wealth made human beings devalue relationships, health, morality and other crucial aspects of life. Endless desire for wealth torments the life of people and deprives them of their happiness. Still the quest for wealth never ends. Several literary works examine the disastrous consequences of desire for wealth. The Necklace by Guy De Maupassant and Neighbors by Raymond Carver are two short stories that have ‘desire for wealth’ as a major theme. The short story, The Necklace is a warning against the desire for wealth. In the short story we find Mme. Loisel, whose thirst for wealth and luxury destroyed her life. Mme. Loisel wanted to live a life of luxury and comfort like any other women. She was not ready to live with the simple income of her husband. She desired for expensive jewelry and costumes though her husband had a small income. She wanted to be a society woman who wears expensive dress and jewelry. Mme. Loisel was crazy to enjoy life to the fullest. This attitude is evident throughout the story. She loved to dress like the rich women of her society. She desired to attend parties like her contemporary society women. When she sat down for dinner at the round table covered with a three-days-old cloth, opposite her husband, who took the cover off the soup-tureen, exclaiming delightedly: Aha! Scotch broth! What could be better? (Guy De Maupassant, 2003). She imagined delicate meals, gleaming silver, tapestries peopling the walls with folk of a past age and strange birds in faery forests; she imagined delicate food served in marvellous dishes, murmured gallantries, listened to with an inscrutable smile as one trifled with the rosy flesh of trout or wings of asparagus chicken (Guy De Maupassant, 2003). Mme. Loisel loved delicious meals and similar entertainment. She did not desire a simple life inside the four walls of her house. She dreamt nothing but luxury. Mme. Loisel was not happy with her humble family situation. She was not comfortable with her house which had no modern amenities. She was highly bothered of social status. She was as unhappy as though she had married beneath her; for women have no caste or class, their beauty, grace, and charm serving them for birth or family, their natural delicacy, their instinctive elegance, their nimbleness of wit, are their only mark of rank, and put the slum girl on a level with the highest lady in the land (Guy De Maupassant, 2003). We read in the short story that Mme. Loisel lived in frustration because of her poorness. She could not help the worn chairs, mean wall, simple curtains and other humble things of her house. She compared herself to other women of her class. She too desired to live a life of his social status. This very thought tormented her. The situation of the little Breton girl evoked hopeless dream in her mind. She imagined silent antechambers, heavy with Oriental tapestries, lit by torches in lofty bronze sockets, with two tall footmen in knee-breeches sleeping in large arm-chairs, overcome by the heavy warmth of the stove (Guy De Maupassant, 2003). She did not contain with her humble belongings. She wanted to live the life of high social status. She imagined vast saloons hung with antique silks, exquisite pieces of furniture supporting priceless ornaments, and small, charming, perfumed rooms, created just for little parties of intimate friends, men who were famous and sought after, whose homage roused every other womans envious longings (Guy De Maupassant, 2003). Mme. Loisel desired a luxurious life. She wanted to dress up like rich women. She believed that she was made for expensive dress and jewels. She always desired to be charming, attractive and sought after. She was unhappy with her life as she had to live with the meager income of her husband. We find in the short story how the craze for wealth made her life topsy-turvy. We find that her vanity made her borrow the necklace which she lost. Her life turns out to be miserable because of this. Her endless thirst for wealth and luxuries made her lead a difficult life later. Neighbors by Raymond Carver also speak about the craze for wealth and its dangerous consequences. The short story includes a plot that includes the life of Bill and Arlene Miller, the couple who takes care of the Stone’s apartment. It is very much evident in the short story that there is a close relationship between the couples. Bill and Arlene understand that their lives are not exciting like the lives of their neighbors. As Stone’s leaves their house for their vacation, Bill goes to their house to feed the cat and water the plants. Gradually Bill becomes interested in the possessions of his neighbor. His desire for wealth and luxury makes him crazy for his neighbor’s possessions. We find him exploring his neighbor’s house and their belongings. He starts enjoying his time in the neighbor’s house. We find him taking leave from work to go to the neighbor’s house and spend time there. He feels that the house has some magical quality to make time fly off. It is also amazing to note that the sex drive of Bill and Arlene also increases when they spend time in their neighbor’s house. Their craze for the neighbor’s luxurious life made them spend more time there. Like Bill, Arlene also loves to visit neighbor’s life often. The couple does love searching along the things in the apartment. The story ends when then couples forget the key in their apartment and getting locked out of it. The story helps us understand how useless it is to compare our lives with others and desire for their wealth. Like Mme. Loisel in the short story ‘The Necklace’, the couples in the short story ‘Neighbors’ also became foolish enough to desire other’s wealth and possessions. The lust for luxury and wealth resulted in their downfall. Desire for wealth is a destructive character. Lusting for luxury and wealth destroys peace, breaks relationships, degrades character and makes life miserable. Contentment is the key to happiness. Desiring for more wealth and possessions causes immense problems. Like Mme. Loisel in the short story ‘The Necklace’, the couples in the short story ‘Neighbors’, those who run after wealth run into problems and miseries. Craving for luxuries and wealth is therefore the most destructive nature of human beings. Works Cited Guy De Maupassant (2003) The Necklace and Other Tales, Modern Library. Raymond Carver (1971) ‘Neighbors’.

Project Management and Communication

Project Management and Communication ANSWER 1 According to this case study, lot of project management steps that were important to follow for product development. I am going to describe these steps below. Project management should follow these steps for success business such as, Project Initiating: It is very important step to start any project in which management have to consider how they project will start, about providing material and overview of the project. Project management should focus on important things and check scope etc. Project Planning: This steps should be taken by senior management and implement on the rules of a project, budget and personal etc. They have to plan according to the project that has been run success. Project execution: In this step management need to implement their knowledge on the job place and have to deliver good work on the project. Monitoring and Control: Each project has some senior staff to monitor and control the workers who are working under their. They should have complete their work on right time by monitoring junior staff and they have to control all issues like health and safety etc. The given case study depicts that Corwin Corporations project was failed because they had to take some important steps to make their project success that are given below, They need to focus on experienced project manager who can proceed their projects successfully. Also project manager should be well qualified, good communication skills etc. Corwins company should complete their project on time as they assigned at the time of making a contract. Also they need to complete their project in the budget as they committed. They have to be attention on raw material and resource planning like they may not waste any material for any reason. ANSWER 2 A) Senior management employees are working as executive and there are very important areas and role on where they have to work or implement their knowledge in this competitive job market. The steps are given below, Senior management: They work as a senior management at a project. They have to provide all kind of staff as per requirement on a project that project can be completed successfully. So they have to check ability of every employee who will work on a project. Selection of Project Manager: The executive have to select a project manager for a particular project. They should have to check all ability of a good project manager that manager should have good communication skills to work in the competitive market. Also project manager have a well qualified to work on a project. Scope:- They should give a whole report of a project like if there will be any risk or any kind of trouble may be occur during the project and also give solution. The executive should have good knowledge about all kind of work. Budget:- They have to make a budget report by calculating all the material and they should have to complete work within the budget whether they exceed the budget. Resources:-Executives should have to provide all kind of resources on a project as per requirement but it should be of good quality as they committed in the contract. B) Project manager should have some qualities which need to be considered by Corwin Corporation like a project manager should have a very high communication skills with that manager can communicate with all people who are working on a project. Also manager should have good qualities of work to do so safely and be completed on time. Moreover, project manager should have good knowledge of scope. ANSWER 3 They had many problems in communication between Corwin Corporation and Peters company are given below:- There were no exact ways of talking between the project manager and executives at the time of project. They had introduced the project with the absence of senior manager of the company. The discussions were made in the vacations about the project and also decision was taken at the time of holidays. The project manager and the executive were not giving a proper statement about the development of project. One person went on holidays for two days without any prior notice who was Den west working in engineering support department. Moreover, he had not informed to the line workers and not attended the very important meeting which may help to him regarding the project. ANSWER 4 The organization chart of Corwin Corporation is given below:- Corwin beat administration had not considered the important enthusiasm for the venture work and did not give the official level support:-       Corwin constantly rolling out the improvements in the arranging and planning of the venture till the consummation of the venture. In house illustrative of the dwindles organization was meddling the employments and he expelled the utilitarian administrator from the venture at the term of the venture. Dan west gives a wrong data about the venture to the senior management. ANSWER 5 STAKEHOLDERS NAME ROLE DUTIES Dr. Frank Delia Vice President Manage whole marketing group, providing job to them, making new systems, informing senior administrators and execution regarding choices. Pat Ray In- House Representative To watch that all the work has done by the particular principles and within the time, or in other work to cosmetics the advance and afterward report back to organization Dr. Reddy Research Development Director To do additionally investigate and build up the item as far as quality and determinations, other thing resembles that they have to co-work with the designing and also promoting office. Dick Potts Contract Person He is in charge of all the work instruments utilized by them, their wages and their supply too. Gene Frimel Vice President Deal with different organizations about the up and coming task and taking choices about matters identified with that division. ANSWER 6 S. No. Activities Department 1 PROJECT INITIATION MARKETING 2 APPROVAL OF PROJECT MARKETING 3 SELECTION OF PROJECT MANAGER RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT 4 PLANNING SCHEDULING OF PROJECT RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT 5 PROJECT CONTROL QUALITY QUALITY MANAGER 6 ASSIGNMENT OF WORK PROJECT MANAGAER 7 PROJECT RESOURCES PROJECT MANAGER 8 RISKS RISK MANAGEMENT 9 PROJECT EXECUTION PROJECT MANAGER 10 TERMINATION OF PROJECT EXECUTIVES b) Work Break Down Structure ANSWER 7 a) Dan west broke down that thirty test would be directed and matrix test would gave depiction about the test state of the five stage. The remained 25 test condition would be led later wards Before the finish of the third week all the important raw material had bought and essential detailing and testing were prepared to start. b) Project manager ought to be ensuring about these obligations for the consummation of this venture:- Project manager should include in the designing office in the venture work and counsel ought to be set aside from the opportunity to time. Project manager should have made the correct booking and making arrangements for the venture function as they were rolling out ceaseless improvement in their venture arranging because of that the date of the venture execution was postponed. P.M. need to convey the right data about the venture work to the senior administration with the goal that they can find a way to get the venture work the correct bearing. c) P.M. needs to perceive the formally and casually chance which specifically impact the fulfillment of the venture. Project manager can utilize the venture administration programming to design the reports and diagrams in regards to the advance of the venture work. P.M. could concoct the senior manager, line director and partners so every updates can be effectively get with respect to the venture and it can be convey to the senior supervisor ANSWER 8 a) Given Below 1) Definition of Peters company project scope:- subject to task supervisor One assignment need been regarded feasible. Outline from claiming work breakdown structure. Plan furthermore arrange have been portrayed 2) Scope Verification:-degree watching board Undertaking degree suggestion Affirmation Support 3) Observing Scope:- Arrangement all the required assets for the venture group Making arrangements for the venture work Perceive the advantages for the venture group Arrange the instruments and gadgets b) Asses the effect for hold from asserting change diminishes specific association one errand on time, cost and resources. The subsides association venture may have not been fulfilling each and every one of criteria of the higher forces. The undertaking may have been requiring behind beginning with its calendars that were made sooner for its accomplishment the less gathering may have not been competent to accommodate those fitting achieves the rendered time opening. Likewise they acquire utilized the arrangement the initial periods of the venture amid those farthest point they were in charge of the endeavoring of the one assignment. The benefits they were using for those one errand were under utilize no right supervision were furnished for with them. ANSWER 9 A) 1.Toward by examining those exploration try illuminate the reasons in view of which dwindles association venture may have not been described fittingly. 2. Administration the first and the primary reason may have been those inadequate administration, the directors kinfolk were secured a huge bits differing practices so they were not giving fitting attentiveness with respect to the people endeavoring around. 3. by examining circumstance think about, analyze the piece of understanding executives in the degree and the augmentation assortment of the wander. B) A line director will be the person who particularly controls and oversees diverse parts of the less gathering. 1. Some portion of offering were responsible for managing the arrangement sheet furthermore. 2. They were scanning for the gone through calendars of the errand that if not require behind. C) They were in charge of every one of their exercises to their project manager. Obligation- The schedule of the wander may have not been really portrayed similarly the people were bringing extra event when will finish those one errand in light they were not getting those sponsorship from their seniors. Financial plan- They plan the arrangement of the endeavor may have not been truly described in like manner the people were bringing extra period ought to finish those wander in view they were not recovering those from their seniors. Budget- The arrangement of the errand may have been portrayed in the timely stages yet the less gathering may have not been endeavoring in a similar way. They required ate up that arrangement at the outset stages. ANSWER 10 A) By examining research attempt make sense of announcing weight. Besides administration channels that were used inside dwindles specific association undertaking. The detailing weight besides administration channels were social events and telephone requires the inverse less gathering parts of the wander. They were additionally using oral introductions as of late on accessible those undertaking subtitle components. B) Suggest in any occasion specific case announcing weight moreover administration gadget that may achieve productive fulfillment about diminishes shares of the association undertaking. That best demonstration may make introductions that may oblige minimum paper fill in additionally perplexities. Thus in the introductions each and every one of proposals would respected in addition they could make discussed on the table in the region of each and every one of gathering parts. likewise also it wont make any conflicts in the mind about various less gathering parts. Since at first the moderator will join each besides all that in the introduction be that whichever if he left anything those gathering of people then again those gathering of spectators could incorporate their a noteworthy perspective under it to the immense execution of the one undertaking. ANSWER 11 A) A similarly a develop chief from asserting Corwin Corporation, survey the part from cosset regulated economy all through different period around one errand. Essentially as an endeavor chief require to settle on correct one undertaking cost organization thought. Those one assignment cosset directed economy and procedure will quantify the cost of the errand in discrete phases of the one undertaking. Concerning delineation an endeavor overseer our major errand will be to finished those value of exertion inside the accommodated arrange. For this we have particular stage that is given beneath:- 1. Resource arranging Above all else we should check those past data ought to evaluate those cosset to an endeavor of same kind. Taking after that exasperate the masterminding from guaranteeing cost as expressed by resources open in the affiliation. Like the thing that is the cost for overhead moreover et cetera cosset concerning outline an expand director we should describe this cosset in the organizing system which would fundamental on manufacture an endeavor. 2. Cosset Estimation- Not withstanding those undertaking boss need ought to make the assessed cost to those assets, work, overhead, readiness with worker, testing cost and association cosset oblige ought to complete those venture. 3. Assignment Budget-Build an arrangement toward using most minimal part ought to top banana strategy the place wander organization personnel need ought to outline cosset to the unmistakable fill in things to make benchmark for those wander measuring likewise degrade underwriting from the senior directed economy. 4. Cosset observing In the get ready of the venture each and every one of data need with record to check if our undertaking is setting off secured nearby straight bearing likewise inside the arrangement. One errand boss need with screen the wander already, such methodologies with check there undertaking will be remain in line inside the administer arrange. After those fulfillment for errand make a report card for the total strategy which may make used inside future to such an endeavor. B) Assess imitating cosset evaluating relationship for the Subsides organization wander 1. Logical conditions subordinate upon backslide examination 2. Taken a toll Quantity affiliation 3. Taken a toll cost affiliation 4. Taken a toll non-cost relationship 1. Logical conditions subordinate upon backslide examination The backslide examination might be used to forecast and deciding those cosset for an endeavor. In this one is subordinate variable which depend on those change in the value about self-governing variable. Like in the Peters office undertaking at the sum for test is development those cost of the arrangement might be likewise construct. Along these lines the as a rule plan of the one assignment depend on those cosset utilize all the upon number from guaranteeing variable in the endeavor in control work/bolster cost, testing cost, overhead cost, materials and GA cost. The larger part it is self-governing variable which affect the cosset of the item however whatever of the things cost might be movements from assessed cost over it will impact the as a rule plan of the Subsides association extend. 2. Taken a toll Quantity relationship-Cost amount affiliation will be rely on upon the no about things make in within the cost. The one undertaking chief should outfit arrange. Like in Peters specific association one assignment those one undertaking should make those wander in the accommodated cost $250,000. Those commitment of wander boss will screen those endeavor will get the number for sum in the given to cosset on accomplish those target. 3. Taken a toll cost relationship-The cost-cost relationship contribute on the cosset which might be particularly connected with those assignment. In the Dwindles specific association extend those cosset utilize all the upon quick work/bolster, testing moreover materials will be the cost-cost relationship of the assignment. Those cost experience around work, attempting likewise material ought to have been helpful something to that effect no cost will be wastage once, in this manner the one undertaking organization staff need ought to screen. 4. Taken a toll non cost relationship-Those cosset which is specifically, roundabout likewise the larger part extraordinary which will be contribute on the venture is known as cost-non cost relationship. Like in the Diminishes specific association extend know cost put investigating quick work/bolster, testing, overhead, materials, GA likewise overpower might be cost moreover non-cost relationship. ANSWER 12 The one undertaking overseer for Corwin Corporation nees the cost from asserting one errand with $2,31,000. Following three month under the venture, those costs, (for example, material, work and so on.) acquired all things considered were $2,49,700. 1. Isolate between evaluated in addition genuine cost. 2. Make sense of that upon what measure of that is just the tip of the ice shelf assessed cost will utilized till realization. 1) The assessed cost in the whole deal for recommendation to sic month is $231000 toward managing each one things incorporating into it. like quick work/bolster, testing, overhead, material. Moreover GA at the outset from guaranteeing recommendation at that the long run. Be that taking after the three months total assignment cost is growing from $231000 ought to $249000 as a result of extending in the attempting additionally materials. Something to that effect taking after three month they settle on a report card to which each quick one of cosset for various things will be shown in addition it development the total cosset of the endeavor from those recommendation. Contrast genuine cosset then a short time later three months-assessed cost at the start from asserting endeavor $249000-$231000= $18000. The $18000 will be development till the third month of the venture yet the wander wont be done yet. The complexity between honest to goodness cost likewise assessed cost taking after three month will be $18000. 2) Concerning delineation we see over then after ward those three month the genuine cost might be more than those assessed cost yet the endeavor wont be done yet. Over then after ward this look west which might be an endeavor organization workforce attempt to help the Dr. Reddy to make another assessed cost chart on entire the endeavor. They disturb a chart for which each and every one of cost contribute upon prompt work, testing, overhead, materials likewise GA is assemble and the last assessed cost to those endeavor submitted might be $517000 which might be more than the recommendation the whole deal assessed cost $231000. The arrangement of the Peters organization errand will be about $250000. Distinction $517000-$250000= $267000. Thusly the Corwin Corporation need $267000 more assessed cost over the venture plan will finish those venture which might be scarcely a sunk cost. B) Distinction the center of prompt cost additionally back gave cost that could realize done Dwindles specific association extend. Verify that how sunk cosset could affect undertaking. Quick cost-Those cost which is particularly experienced upon the wander assembling and organization known as manage cost. For delineation in the Peters office undertaking the cost utilize all the upon materials, direct work/bolster also attempting is known as manage cosset which will be use toward the Corwin Corporation. Underhanded Cost-The continually on liabilities which extension those cosset of the errand at not straight forwardly related with the endeavor fabricating then again organization might be known as underhanded cost. Like cosset utilize all the showcasing, notice, papers, bookkeeping et cetera all is underhanded cost which impact the cosset about wander regardless not particularly for relationship with undertaking E.G. Corwin venture accommodate pay on undertaking advancing division, paper work, phone call charges, et cetera all through thusly, watching and stock game plan of all instrumentation might be upgrade the entirety this overhead cosset might be known as underhanded cost of a Peters shares of the association undertaking. Sunk Cost-The cost which might be some time ago experienced upon those venture besides accommodates realize nothing might be known as sunk cosset. Sunk cosset might be constantly straight forwardly related with the wander in materials, et cetera cosset which might be once in the past pay. E.G. in the Corwin organization those a while prior cost survey is $231000 for particular things regardless then after ward those third month of the venture those attempting increment, materials cosset increment, overhead augmentations which development the cosset from $231000 to $249700 those cost experienced on the past once unmistakable things in this errand might be the sunk cost. Till the realization of Peters association extend a substitute $267000 is extended in the evaluated taken a toll, this cosset is sunk cosset to those corwin organization accordingly it accommodate them nothing. Sunk cosset extended those arrangement for errand. Accepting that the sunk cost is produced over it prompts shut down the venture. C) Focus on the classes of evaluations that could an opportunity to be used in the long run Toms scrutinizing Corwin undertaking for die down association extend. Those endeavor head of Corwin association will have toll the well ought to make the cost estimation to a stretch out there about that the venture complete in time or inside the accommodated arrange. Those distinctive sorts of cosset gauges Similarly as accommodated beneath:- 1. Brutal ask for extent(ROM):- In the current past the one assignment will be definitively start the surveyed make for cosset for venture by those errand executive will be known as unforgiving solicitation degree (ROM). It might be otherwise called the figure gauge of the endeavor. It might be done amid the begin possibility of the venture. The exactness to this kind from guaranteeing appraisals may differs from 50 will 100 percent till the finish of the endeavor. In this we give nonattendance of clever lumpy lions share of the information over those arrangement accommodate brutal quality to an augment. Like in the diminishs specific association extend die down association surveyed the cost $250000 going before starting about wander that cosset is known as unforgiving solicitation degree (ROM) gauges and recognized by those corwin organization will make those wander. 2. Indisputable evaluations:- The decisive cost accommodates those clever lumpy lions share of the information something like those cosset contribute on the different outcome used to settle on the one errand. Those precision of the indisputable assessments will begin with 5 will 10% infers the genuine cost use secured nearby venture may an opportunity to be 5% less assessed cost ought to 10% higher over the gauge cost. Delineation to Diminishs specific association extend alcove west make the definitive evaluations to the assignment and show each cost contribute ahead various part, for example, work/bolster cost, testing, overhead, materials likewise GA cosset all in quick and dirty that upon what measure of cosset use ahead them will settle on the financial plan, the quality about indisputable cost is $231000. 3. Budgetary assessments:- As the cost of the endeavor might be extension beginning with the indisputable cosset in the inside on the other hand in any time of the one errand methodology the appraisals makes toward that event when might be known as budgetary evaluations cost. In this gauges the accuracy movements from 10% ought to 25% extra from those evaluations the exactness movements from 10% ought to 25% extra from those assessments cosset. Moreover look that at which an element those more should experience so the assignment should be finished. For e.g. Corwin enterprise assessed cost augment then a short time later those three month of the venture from $231000 with $249700 in this way the niche west make an arrangement toward that event when toward which things specific association need ought to contribute extra cash, in this the testing materials and overhead cost might be grow. This kind of plan will be known as budgetary assessments. D) Look at definitive additionally brutal demand degree gauges for the help of example from guaranteeing Corwin Corporation contextual investigation. Cruel ask for degree (ROM) gauges 1) Harsh ask for degree gauges finished toward those beginning period of the one assignment. 2) In this as of late survey is accommodated with respect to those wander. 3) It is done when those errand begin to accommodates evaluate about cosset for undertaking assurance. 4) Those accuracy is shifts from 50 with 100 percent. 5) Corwin organization make those undertaking from guaranteeing $250000 beginning with those Peters office assignment. Those cost accommodated toward them is those brutal demand degree gage for complete those one assignment. Indisputable appraisals:- 1) In the indisputable evaluations those for the most part plan from asserting particular outcome used inside those venture making. 2) This sort of asserting assessments used for a correct undertaking making inside the arrangement. 3) It might be completed at those the whole deal for securing and assembling. 4) Those exactness may changes the center of 5 on 10%. 5) Corwin Corporations endeavor manager produce a chart over which the clever dirty cost will be accommodated with respect to direct work/bolster, testing, materials also GA and the by and large arrangement fallen will be $231000 this cost appraisals will be called definitive cosset gauges.   Ã‚  

Gays and Homosexuality: Personal Choice or Act of God? Essay -- Explor

Homosexuality: Personal Choice or Act of God? "Do you not know that the unrighteous will not inherit the kingdom of God? Do not be deceived. Neither fornicators, nor idolaters, nor adulterers, nor homosexuals, nor sodomites, not thieves, nor covetous, nor drunkards, nor revilers, nor extortionists will inherit the kingdom of God." (1 Corinthians 6:9-10) Homosexuality has been around as long for as there is recorded history. Through the years, however, the opinions towards homosexuality have changed. Now, homosexuality is being labeled as a genetic trait rather than as a psychological problem. Not everyone believes this to be true, however. I have always believed that homosexuality is genetic and I decided to search the web for some evidence. I first checked out a site written by a supporter of the "gay gene." http://voyager.dvc.edu/~bmckinney/www.pilot.infi.net/~susanf/aolgay.htm is written by Don Robertson. Don Robertson is a gay teacher of biochemistry and molecular biology. In his article, he states that many experiments have proved the genetic connection to homosexuality. He names some of the experiment's methods but he doesn't include who ran the experiments, where they were done, why or why not they would be reliable or whether they would have the same results if the experiments were repeated. He comes up with figures like if one identical twin is gay there is a sixty- percent chance that the other identical twins will also be gay. This is included to prove that since identical twins share identical genes, they must have had the "gay gene" passed down to both of them. This claim brings up a few problems. First, there is nowhere in the article that cites where this information was collected or if the informat... ...all the aspects of the experiments while Robertson didn't question anything he read about; the author from the second article questioned them based on outdated beliefs. Altogether, I didn't feel that I was convinced on either side. Were there any more experiments? Were any of the ones listed proven to be true? Are there any alternatives to the cause of homosexuality other than genetics and environment? Is religion the true way to look at the matter? "That is why God gave them up to disgraceful sexual appetites, for both their females changed the natural use of themselves into one contrary nature and likewise even the males left the natural use of the female and became violently inflamed in their lust toward one another, males with males, working what is obscene and receiving in themselves the full recompense, which was due for their error." (Romans 1:26-27)

National Cranberry Cooperative Essay

Fill in your name in the header. Please read the Course Syllabus for guidelines on collaboration in assignments: Below, write your answers to Guiding Questions 1-4. The case is due at the beginning of class on January 29 (Wednesday). Please submit only one document per group. We will discuss the answers in class. You may want to print out your answers and charts for your reference during the class discussion. Some additional information about National Cranberry follows. Not necessarily all of this information is relevant to your answers. You may assume that: On an average â€Å"busy† day 18,000 bbl arrive over the 12-hr period (7 am to 7 pm). This is based on a typical busy day in September. The process is approximately a â€Å"continuous flow† type. Wet berries are 75% of all berries. Holding bins 17-24 are dedicated to wet berries. Capacity of the dumpers is 3,000 bbl / hr (it takes on average 7.5 minutes to dump a truck, a truck holds on average 75 bbl so, from Little’s Law, each dumper will take 600 bbl/hr). Drivers are paid $10/hr. Rates for other employees are given in the case. If you need to make additional assumptions to answer a question, clearly state them, logically defend them, and then proceed to answer the question accordingly. Questions 1.Analyze the current process. Using the process flow map (given below) of the current process at Receiving Plant No. 1 (RP1), mark the capacity and utilization of each of the resources. Show the flows of wet and dry berries separately. On an average busy day, 18,000 bbl arrive over the 12-hr period. Thus, we can say that 1,500 bbl arrive every hour. Since 75% of the berries are wet berries, 1,125 bbl of wet berries and 375 bbl of dry berries arrive every hour. These berries are dumped into 5 Kiwanee Dumpers that take 600 bbls per hour each. And then, dry berries and wet berries are divided. Dry berries go into bins 1 to 16 and wet berries go into bins 17-27. Since bins 1 to 24 have capacity of 250 bbls/hr and bins 25 to 27 have 400 bbls/hr, bins 1 to 16 have capacity of 4,000 bbls/hr total, while bins 17-27 have capacity of 3,200 bbls/hr total. Dry berries are sent to 3 destoners, each  of which has a capacity of 1,500 bbls/hr. There is only one dechaffer for dry berries, and therefore has a capacity of 1,500 bbls/hr. However, the other two dechaffers are assigned to wet berries. Since each dechaffer has a capacity of 1,500 bbls/hr, two dechaffers have a capacity of 3,000 bbls/hr for wet berries. Then, these wet berries go into the dryer, which as a capacity of 600 bbls/hr total. After these processes, the berries arrive at separators, which has a maximum capacity of 1,200 bbls/hr. We assumed that all the processes start at 7 a.m. and identified that the dryers for the wet berries are the bottleneck because dryers have the lowest capacity. (Please note that the filled process flow map is given below) 2.On a busy day, what is RP1’s current maximum throughput rate? As we show in the process flow map below: Demand rate = 1,500 bbl / hr (375 for dry berries and 1,125 for wet berries) Capacity rate = 975 bbl / hr (375 for dry berries and 600 for wet berries, because the bottleneck, which is dryer of capacity 600 bbl / hr, determines the capacity of a linear process) That is, Demand rate > Capacity rate, and in this scenario throughput rate = Capacity rate = 975 bbl / hr 3.Assuming that all of the operations at RP1 start at 7 am on a â€Å"busy† day, present the situation during such a day, by constructing an inventory build-up diagram for bins and trucks. For trucks: For bins: 4.What are the possible capital investments considered by NCC? Quantify the costs and benefits of three of them: the fifth Kiwanee dumper purchased in 1980, and two other investments. What recommendations would you make to Mr. Schaeffer? Please be ready to discuss in class other factors that might influence your recommendations to NCC. Two other possible capital investments considered by NCC would be the installing a light meter system for color grading and hiring a full-time skilled operator at the same pay grade as the chief berry receiver, and adding more dryers that cost $60,000 each. First of all, purchasing a light meter and hiring an operator would reduce large amount of unnecessary cost incurred from cranberries that are misidentified by the chief berry receiver. The case reports that half of  450,000 bbls of berries were misidentified as No.3. Since $1.50 was paid for every No.3 berries, we can say that $337,500 was overpaid. Assuming that the cost of this system is about $40,000 and the cost of full-time skilled operator is about $34,944 (as a straight-time pay rate for the full-year employee) per year, we can calculate the return on investment in the light meter system. The return would be 4.503 ($337,500/$74,944). Even though, the operator gets paid more than the amount above, the return on the investment would still be positive. Secondly, purchasing one additional dryer would cost $60,000. Then, the process capacity would increase to 800 bbls/hr. The dry berries (375bbls/hr) and the wet berries (800bbls/hr) would now sum up to 1175 bbls/hr, which will increase the utilization rate of separators to 97.91%. The resulting increase in flow rate could reduce the overtime labor as much as $78,000 (assuming 12,000 over time hours of all workers * $6.5/hr) and the return on the investment would be 0.3 (18,000/60,000). Thirdly, purchasing the fifth Kiwanee Dumper had increased the capacity by 600 bbls/hr. However, the fact that throughput rate is 975 bbls/hr, and the hourly incoming berries are about 1500 bbls/hr, we do not think that the fifth dumper was necessary because with four dumpers we would have a capacity of 2400 bbls/hr, which is enough as of current state. In other words, since the bottlen eck of the process is the dryer rather than the dumper, we would have saved $200,000 if we did not buy the fifth dumper. Last thing to note is that none of the utilization rate got higher after purchasing the fifth dumper. Since the first two investments listed above have positive returns, we definitely think Mr. Schaeffer should invest in purchasing a light meter and an additional dryer. Even though purchasing additional dryer does not return greater than purchasing a light meter, purchasing additional dryer still returns positive value and therefore, should choose to invest on these three options to manage the extra capital that NCC would spend. However, Mr.Schaeffer could have been better off with not purchasing the fifth dumper because dumper’s capacity was already large enough that the efficiency remained the same with purchasing the fifth dumper. (For the values such as total over time hours and etc, we assumed based on the data given in the case at the last section called Scheduling the Work Force)

The Supreme Court Reborn by William Leuchtenburg essays

The Supreme Court Reborn by William Leuchtenburg essays William Leuchtenburg's book on "The Supreme Court Reborn" contains nine different essays that talks about the constitutional crisis of the 1930s. Each of the articles focused on the various aspects of the said crisis. Leuchtenburg used these nine articles to stress out his point that whatever decision that the Supreme Court has made during those early 1930s, the decisions came, not from the members of the court, but from the smaller groups or members of Justice Department officials such as the then President Roosevelt, Homer Cummings (the president's attorney general) and Edward Corwin (the departmental consultant). The first four chapters talk about various Supreme Court decisions concerning seemingly alike cases, namely (unt.edu/lpbr/subpages/reviews/leuchten.htm, 1995): 1. The 1927 Buck vs. Bell case – the case that is closely relevant constitutional crisis of 1937 2. The 1935 Retirement Board vs. Alton R. Company – the case that showcased the anti-new deal decision which has invalidated the Railway Retirement Act of 1934 3. The case of Humphrey's Executor vs. United States in 1935 – that resulted to repudiation of Roosevelt's ouster of William E. Humphrey from the Federal Trade Commission 4. The 1937 West Coast Hotel vs. Parrish case – the case that was viewed as the Court's gesture of capitulating on to the New Deal These four cases are specifically chosen by Leuchtenburg because the said cases reflect how Supreme Court was during the early 1930s. Moreover, these cases also show why and how the constitutional crisis started. The other two chapters of the book specifically talk about the start of the Court-packing proposal and the manipulation of political stature that accompanied its presentation to Congress and its eventual defeat. Another chapter tackles the battle over Hugo black's confirmation. It should be remembered that Black was nominated by Roosevelt to replace Willis Van Devanter who ...

Enzyme Coursework essays

Enzyme Coursework essays Aim: In this experiment I hope to try and find the effect of surface area of Enzyme on the rate of an Enzyme controlled reaction. Enzymes have a globular structure and are formed of various different proteins which are constructed from amino acids. These contain residual chains. The amino acids are arranged in single chains connected by peptide bonds. The chains are moulded into a 3d shape. Enzymes are a catalyst in chemical reactions. A catalyst is a reactant in a chemical reaction that increases the rate at which the reaction occurs by lowering the activation energy required for a reaction to take place, however the enzymes remain unchanged. - Potato (white English Nadine Yorkshire, grown in 2005) - Set up apparatus as shown in diagram 1. - Measure out 8cm3 of Hydrogen Peroxide into boiling tube. - Fill measuring cylinder with water and hold upside down in water trough. - Place one end of delivery tube in measuring cylinder, making sure the end with the bung is left out to place over boiling tube. - Now the delivery tube is set up in the correct position to collect the oxygen gas, you can now use the corer to cut out a piece of potato (this equipment is set up before experiment starts to stop gas escaping). ...

Term Paper on Ethics

Term Paper on Ethics The term ethics is commonly used around the globe and it refers to applied and considered goods in code of human conduct. Whenever this term is used it refers to humanity and human behavior. Students of humanities, culture, religion and medicine often need to write term paper on ethics on their professors instructions. Writing term paper on ethics is a bit complex for the beginners. Help to write a term paper on ethics is generally needed for first few times. When you need to express your concern about ethics and ethical issues, the term paper on ethics will be a great way to express it. When students need write their first term paper on ethics, they should consider the following instructions carefully: Writing term paper on ethics needs a thorough understanding of ethics and ethical issues Term paper on ethics should cover the given task in a non biased way and no conflicting opinions should be formulated in detailed description of term paper on ethics. Help to write a term paper on ethics should only be taken from the valid sources and books with complete reference support and in text citation. Ethics term papers are very broad in concepts; a care should be taken to avoid undue long debates. Ethics are closely knitted with cultures and religions, and while writing such term paper on ethics a writer must keep him/herself impartial and should not indulge in partisan or form own opinion. Where needed direct quotes, verses, references, lines and stanzas can be used to strengthen your reply and view point. Following statements and arguments should not be negative for any school of thought or religion. This should be written in a very secure way. Next phase is dividing the term paper on ethics in different parts or groups. When you need to write custom term papers on ethics, you should collect the required data first, then: Select a Topic for your custom term paper on ethics Divide the whole theme of paper in different groups/chapters Allocate number of words for each section You should start with introduction part of your term paper on ethics. This part should consist of in depth information about the areas covered in this paper. After introduction, next comes literature review that would carry the deep discussion on the topic and will cover the topic from different angles. Here you will try to add maximum view points of famous philosophers like Aristotle, Socrates, Shakespeare, Shelly along with different religious versions from Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism etc. Research methodology will come next if you are going to conduct any specific version of ethical analysis or going to conduct a comparison. Research findings will be narrated in a systematic way next in this section. Last part is conclusion and your own view point. Here you have liberty to express your way of thoughts and your own philosophy. If you dont want to write a term   paper on ethics at your own and want to place an order for term paper on ethics, you can buy term paper on ethics from our experienced and reputed company CustomWritings.com . We assure good quality in lesser time and at an affordable cost. Must give us a try, we will not let you down.

Where an employee can reasonably expect to have privacy in the Research Paper

Where an employee can reasonably expect to have privacy in the workplace - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that technology has played a very important role especially in the world of business. Many business companies are applying different forms of technology with the aim of enhancing daily operations. This has somehow resulted in a lot of competition in the world of business. Electronic surveillance is one of the fields of technology that has been used by businesses in the world. This state of the art technology has been used with the aim of enhancing security in the different business setting. Electronic surveillance has also been a system which has reduced the threat that has been posed by terrorism in the past few years. Businesses have experienced a lot of achievements and this can be related to the aspect of applying electronic surveillance in the business world. However, there have been some controversial issues in regard to electronic surveillance of employees in the business setting. There are a variety of ethical considerations that sh ould be made before adopting and fully implementing the art of electronic surveillance for employees in any business setting. As much as electronic surveillance has been embraced in the world of business, there are some important considerations that should be made on the part of the employee. Some researchers view the art of electronic surveillance as an intrusion to privacy because there are some cases in which employees require privacy in the workplace. Privacy is an important aspect of good human relations.... Explain whether it makes a difference if an employee is in an open area or in an enclosed office. There is a difference between the locations in which an employee is found within the business setting. Employees have two kinds of settings in the work place. One of the locations is the open area. This is a location where employees can freely communicate and it is subdivided by desks for every employee. Electronic surveillance cameras are fixed in most open areas. The other kind of setting is the enclosed offices within the businesses. Most of these are reserved for the managers and other members of higher management. Questions have been raised as to whether there is a difference between the open areas and the enclosed offices. As much as there is a difference, the enclosed offices should be fixed with surveillance cameras as well (Slobogin 2007). The main reason to this is that it would prevent situations where employees are manipulated by top managers within the businesses. The enclos ed offices should be treated just as the open area. As much as it is important to monitor employees at the lower level of management, it is also important to monitor employees at the higher management level of the organization. Most businesses are biased in that electronic surveillance is made for employees at the lower management level and not those at the higher management level. 3. Explain if Herman’s need to know whether his salespersons are honest is a sufficient ground for utilizing electronic surveillance. A business may prosper or fail and this may be as a result of the character exhibited by employees. Dishonesty is one of the ill characters that lead to the failure

Disjunctive States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Disjunctive States - Essay Example At the same time income per head is raising in the countries of the North where only 15 per cent of the world population live. This has led huge numbers of migrants from South to seek a better life in the North and this has created international political frictions. The goods produced by the South countries are less valuable for the developed countries. Moreover the North reduces prices on the materials exported by the South, imported by the North and increases prices on the materials exported by the North, imported by the South. The North has veto power and therefore it is a dominant decision-making authority. It reduces the ability of the poor countries to manage the global economy because their products are not needed and their opinion is not counted by the rich countries. That is why poor countries are usually unhappy with the management of the global economy because of the small role that they play in its organization. Since Lenin's time, many Marxists have attributed poverty in the South to the concentration of wealth in the North. Capitalists in the North exploit the South economically and use the wealth to buy off workers in the North. Widening North-South gap could create space for counter-revolution. Revolution should change the system and put an end to transferring wealth from the periphery to the North. Many people throughout the global South have turned to political revolution as a strategy for changing economic inequality and poverty. Today the most powerful third world revolutions are the Islamic revolutions in the Middle East. Even more than the communist revolutions of the past, Islamic revolutions are directed against the North and reject the Western values on which the international system is based. Like communist ones, Islamic revolutions gained support and legitimacy from the plight of poor people. When revolutionaries succeed in taking power, they usually change their state's foreign policy. However after several decades in power, revolutionaries come to support the norms and rules of the international system (which are favorable to them as state leaders). The origin of today's North-South gap returns to the colonization of the Southern world regions by Europe over the past several centuries. This colonization occurred at different times in different parts of the world. Globalists mentioned the economic exploitation of the South by the North, which is an essential element of the capitalist system. They argue that free trade represents an unequal exchange between the North and the South in the economy controlled by the monopolies of the North. To move from poverty to well-being this requires the accumulation of capital. Capitalism emphasizes overall growth with considerable concentration of wealth, whereas socialism emphasizes a fair distribution of wealth. Wealth accumulation depends on the meeting of basic human needs such as access to food, water, education, shelter, and health care. In order to manage the problem we should encourage the technology and innovation in the third world economies. The industrialization of the South can be achieved by a reform of the international market by evolution of the population (education of women and urbanization), diversification of economy through import and export substitution, and regional integration. Liberals suggest, to reduce the North-South gap within the modern economic system, the free trade as a way to promote mutual growth of all parties involved. The

Evaluating the Sustainability of a Development Plan Assignment

Evaluating the Sustainability of a Development Plan - Assignment Example The interconnectivity of the town is one factor that has been considered in the design considering the need for people to travel or move from various locations and accomplish their missions in the process. The Green Square Railway Station will be a major transport feature connecting various parts of the city and the outside world. Most important in the development of the sustainable development plan for Green Square is the features that have been put in place to conserve water and reduce the emission of green house gases (Green Square Town Centre 2011). One of the core objectives of the design is to achieve carbon neutrality among the communities. The Green Square area is located in a place that is desirable for community living. One of the main activities that will be involved in the development plan will be the cleaning and revitalization of the South Sydney Hospital site. Among the activities at this stage will be the removal of environmentally unfriendly substances such as asbest os, light fittings and lead-based paints by specialists and using the best conceivable processes City of Sydney (2011). Some of the features that will be installed in the hospital area include a purification plant. Storm water from the plant will be used to flush toilets and irrigate parks. An automatic waste collection system as well as a trigeneration energy system for the production of low carbon energy will form part of the package. In order to reduce emissions, cycling and walking paths will be provided according to City of Sydney (2011). Strategic and Regulatory Context The sustainable development plan debate in Australia is wide and ranges from environmental, social to economic issues and it has major implications on all businesses. As a result, the... This paper stresses that the development of Green Square is bound to achieve its outlined objectives to a high level. For instance in the case of environmental development there has been effective recycling of waste making the environment cleaner, this has led to less deposit in land fills. The state has also managed to control pollution to a greater percentage than before. Soil erosion has also been reduced thus making the land more fertile. Moreover in the case of economic development there has been proper resource management and development. The economic viability of the state has also improved and there is has been appropriate and economically liable land use. In terms of social development the state has maintained excellence is service delivery to he community. There have also been established safe roads and the community has been sensitized on safety issues. There is also he establishment of several; local, historical and cultural organizations which are well sustained. This report makes a conclusion that some issues related to development in Green Square have been more difficult to address than others. This can be attributed to various factors, for instance, the poor distribution of resources in the area which has caused some areas to lag behind in development. There is also the inadequate funding and resources to ensure development and its sustainability. The reliance on donor countries has also caused these difficulties since to get these donors has been a difficult issue.

Hunger games Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hunger games - Essay Example In Hunger Games, violence may be one its main themes but it was not glorified by the film. Those who seemed to enjoy it were portrayed as ridiculous and the characters themselves despised it that in the second installment Catching Fire, they were secretly plotting against the President to end his violent leadership. Without tackling violence in the book or film, the narrative will be a bore or pointless because why would they have to plot against a President if they have nothing against him? Violence in media, books, literature and art are always present and in the case of Hunger Games, it subtly tackle the larger theme of â€Å"chauvinistic omnipotence of men which is often confused with obtuse or even noble concepts like security, protection or prudence† such as the character of the President. Through the narrative of violence, it showed that brutality can be masked as something desirable and be used to rule people by instilling fear. But as what Hunger Games has illustrated , violence has to end for its sheer brutality. Assuming for the sake of discussion that we will rule violence outright in books and films, will that end violence and aggression

Informative speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Informative speech - Essay Example rney of mankind thereafter, paper became a most handy tool for the scholars and writers to record their knowledge so that future generations could take advantage of it. All ancient manuscripts of those days were written and preserved on the pieces of paper. It was obvious that single copy of manuscript could not spread the knowledge far and wide. Knowing this fully, Chinese invented the ways and means of printing. To preserve the knowledge, paper came to be known as the most basic necessity; however, printing too occupied equally an important place without which perhaps, spread of knowledge across the world was just not possible. Block printing was developed during Tang Dynasty. To prove the point, a Buddhist book called The Diamond Sutra, is still stored in the British Library that was block printed during 868 AD of the Tang Dynasty. When sea becomes stormy and the days are cloudy, the sailor of the ship wants to sail in the right direction and then do you know what is that that he needs most urgently? You are absolutely right – it is the compass that comes to the rescue of sea sailors then. This compass is a Chinese invention and the different Chinese craftsmen were involved in making of these devices during the Three Kingdom and Southern Song Dynasty. Worlds most refreshing ancient drink is tea and do you know where it was invented? The Chinese Emperor Shan Nong in 2737 BC just accidently discovered that tea consumption provides relaxation to the mind; the drink infuses vigor and energy though at that time its use was limited for medicinal purpose rather than as a routine drink. It was only during a Song Dynasty that it got prominence as a national drink of China. Thus, it can be said that the most revolutionary inventions such as paper, printing, compass and tea were given to us by the ancient Chinese people that later occupied the most prominent roles in everyone’s

Political Islam in Indonesia Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Political Islam in Indonesia - Research Paper Example the confrontational way of establishing Majlis Mujahedeen Indonesia (MMI) in Jakarta in August 2000. The establishment of MMI was basically a move forward assistance between ideologically ?likeminded groups of Indonesia such as front Pembela Islam and Hizb Ut Tahrir. The basic ?reason to take a step toward MMI was to help the people faced earthquake and then it worked to ?save Afghanistan from American attacks (Hilmy 131).? Majlis e Mujahedeen worked to stop American attacks in Afghanistan. This organization ?in coordination with other groups working for Islamic front including PAS and FPI, carried out ?manifestations against America and its associates who attacked Afghanistan in 2001( Krastev & ?McPherson, 2007). For future attacks they started proceeding for more explosive materials. â€Å"In ?the Indonesian mujahedeen group there also exists a group of fundamentalist campaigners that ?basically uses to serve as brainwave for the activities of religious militias and also works for the ?party as a JI recruiting agency. Various Mujahedeen’s and their leaders started finding new ways ?of attacking, and started doing research to use biological weapons for better results (Haseman 43). ? 2.? Jemaah Islamiyah (JI) Jemmah Islamiyah or Al-Jamat ul Islamia was established by Southeast Asian militia. It was ?founded on 1st January, 1993 and mostly called as JI. The Jemaah followed the teachings of ?Islamic Jihad as a fundamental approach to attain its goals (Barton 32). This Jemmah was ?formed for the protection of Muslims in Indonesia from American attacks. Militant groups of ?Indonesia even carried and used arms to protect its right to institute an Islamic state split from ?the new nation. There have been many struggles between Muslims and other religions, the ethnic ?groups during the development of Indonesia; however, not until the rise of Qaeda network and ?its global Islam ideology in the 1990’s, the fall of the Suharto regime in 1998 and the United ?States’ War on terror which began in 2001 (Rashwan 77). Basically campaigners belonging from Al-Qaeda and terrorist groups joined this Jemmah, ?resultantly, JI was pulled on several world terrorists lists .JI, however, may not actually be ?International terrorists organization (Surrette, 2009) but later it started bomb attacks in Indonesia ?in which a huge number of general population was killed. Jemmah Islamiyah serves as vital ?manuscript for understanding Southeast Asia’s most lethal terrorist groups. JI mostly trained ?young people for suicide bombing and target killing of the important dignitaries’ ?as well as vital ?assets of the country?. Another point of contention among the ranks of JI was the increasing ?numbers of Muslim civilians killed as the terrorist campaign of the Hambali-Azhari-Noordin top ?splinter outfit unfolded more and more JI members became uncomfortable with this faction’s ?chosen methods and their unintended consequences (Surre tte 13). ?3.? Laskar Jihad Thalib, an Indonesian who fought with Mujahedeens in Afghanistan, set up a group in 2000, ?named Laskar jihad. He was trained in Pakistan when he went there in 1980 to pursue further ?studies in an Islamic Mawdudi Institute situated in Lahore (Hasan 18). In 1999 clashes broke ?out in Malaku and north Malaku between Christians and Muslims of Indonesia. Thalib created ?this Jamat to control these movements. During this muddled changeover number of Muslim ?paramilitary groups like

Hunger games Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hunger games - Essay Example In Hunger Games, violence may be one its main themes but it was not glorified by the film. Those who seemed to enjoy it were portrayed as ridiculous and the characters themselves despised it that in the second installment Catching Fire, they were secretly plotting against the President to end his violent leadership. Without tackling violence in the book or film, the narrative will be a bore or pointless because why would they have to plot against a President if they have nothing against him? Violence in media, books, literature and art are always present and in the case of Hunger Games, it subtly tackle the larger theme of â€Å"chauvinistic omnipotence of men which is often confused with obtuse or even noble concepts like security, protection or prudence† such as the character of the President. Through the narrative of violence, it showed that brutality can be masked as something desirable and be used to rule people by instilling fear. But as what Hunger Games has illustrated , violence has to end for its sheer brutality. Assuming for the sake of discussion that we will rule violence outright in books and films, will that end violence and aggression

Political Islam in Indonesia Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Political Islam in Indonesia - Research Paper Example the confrontational way of establishing Majlis Mujahedeen Indonesia (MMI) in Jakarta in August 2000. The establishment of MMI was basically a move forward assistance between ideologically ?likeminded groups of Indonesia such as front Pembela Islam and Hizb Ut Tahrir. The basic ?reason to take a step toward MMI was to help the people faced earthquake and then it worked to ?save Afghanistan from American attacks (Hilmy 131).? Majlis e Mujahedeen worked to stop American attacks in Afghanistan. This organization ?in coordination with other groups working for Islamic front including PAS and FPI, carried out ?manifestations against America and its associates who attacked Afghanistan in 2001( Krastev & ?McPherson, 2007). For future attacks they started proceeding for more explosive materials. â€Å"In ?the Indonesian mujahedeen group there also exists a group of fundamentalist campaigners that ?basically uses to serve as brainwave for the activities of religious militias and also works for the ?party as a JI recruiting agency. Various Mujahedeen’s and their leaders started finding new ways ?of attacking, and started doing research to use biological weapons for better results (Haseman 43). ? 2.? Jemaah Islamiyah (JI) Jemmah Islamiyah or Al-Jamat ul Islamia was established by Southeast Asian militia. It was ?founded on 1st January, 1993 and mostly called as JI. The Jemaah followed the teachings of ?Islamic Jihad as a fundamental approach to attain its goals (Barton 32). This Jemmah was ?formed for the protection of Muslims in Indonesia from American attacks. Militant groups of ?Indonesia even carried and used arms to protect its right to institute an Islamic state split from ?the new nation. There have been many struggles between Muslims and other religions, the ethnic ?groups during the development of Indonesia; however, not until the rise of Qaeda network and ?its global Islam ideology in the 1990’s, the fall of the Suharto regime in 1998 and the United ?States’ War on terror which began in 2001 (Rashwan 77). Basically campaigners belonging from Al-Qaeda and terrorist groups joined this Jemmah, ?resultantly, JI was pulled on several world terrorists lists .JI, however, may not actually be ?International terrorists organization (Surrette, 2009) but later it started bomb attacks in Indonesia ?in which a huge number of general population was killed. Jemmah Islamiyah serves as vital ?manuscript for understanding Southeast Asia’s most lethal terrorist groups. JI mostly trained ?young people for suicide bombing and target killing of the important dignitaries’ ?as well as vital ?assets of the country?. Another point of contention among the ranks of JI was the increasing ?numbers of Muslim civilians killed as the terrorist campaign of the Hambali-Azhari-Noordin top ?splinter outfit unfolded more and more JI members became uncomfortable with this faction’s ?chosen methods and their unintended consequences (Surre tte 13). ?3.? Laskar Jihad Thalib, an Indonesian who fought with Mujahedeens in Afghanistan, set up a group in 2000, ?named Laskar jihad. He was trained in Pakistan when he went there in 1980 to pursue further ?studies in an Islamic Mawdudi Institute situated in Lahore (Hasan 18). In 1999 clashes broke ?out in Malaku and north Malaku between Christians and Muslims of Indonesia. Thalib created ?this Jamat to control these movements. During this muddled changeover number of Muslim ?paramilitary groups like

Body Fat and Eating Disorders Paper Essay Example for Free

Body Fat and Eating Disorders Paper Essay Obese people have an overall morality rate almost twice that of non obese people. They are more than three times as likely to develop diabetes. Obesity is associated with unhealthy cholesterol levels and impaired heart function. It is estimated that if all Americans had a healthy body composition, the incidence of coronary heart disease would drop by 25%. Other health risks associated with obesity include hypertension, many kinds of cancer, impaired immune function, gallbladder and kidney diseases, and bone and joint disorders. These risk from obesity increase with its severity, and they are much more likely to occur in people who are more than twice their desirable body weight. Body Fat The distribution of body fat is also an important indicator of future health. People who tend to gain weight in the abdominal area have risk of coronary heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, and stroke twice as high as those who tend to gain weight hip area. The reason for this increase risk is not entirely clear, but it appears that fat in the abdomen is more easily mobilized and sent into the bloodstream, increasing disease related blood fat levels. In addition to risking physical health, obesity can impair psychological health. Being perceived as fat can be the source of ridicule, ostracism, and sometimes discrimination from others; it can contribute to psychological problems such as depression and low self esteem. For some, the stigma associated with obesity can give rise to a negative body image, body dissatisfaction, and eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia. What Influence Behavior Obesity is an result of intricate interactions of biology, behavior, and environment. Recent hypothesis in the scientific community suggest the current obesity epidemic is being driven largely by environmental factors (high energy/ high fat foods, fast foods consumption, television watching, â€Å"super sized† portions) rather than biological ones. Individuals are bombarded with images and offers of high fat, high calorie, high palatable, convenient, and inexpensive foods. Today’s stressful lifestyles compound the effects of environmental factors by impairing weight loss efforts and by promoting fat storage. Health Problems Associated with Anorexia Nervosa, and Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge eating disorder. When it comes to Anorexia Nervosa, and the cycle of self starvation. The body is denied the essential nutrients it needs to function normally. It can cause an abnormally slow heart rate, and low blood pressure. When it comes to Bulimia Nervosa, and the recurrent binge and purge cycles of bulimia can affect the entire digestive system ad can lead to electrolyte and chemical imbalances in the body that affect the heart and other major organ functions. Electrolytes imbalances that can lead to irregular heartbeats and possibly heart failure and death. When it comes to Binge eating disorder often result in the same health risk associated with clinical obesity. High blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, secondary diabetes, gallbladder disease, and heart disease as a result of elevated triglyceride levels. Conclusion When it comes to eating disorders sometimes your regular medical doctor is not the best one for treating these disorders. You may need to seek the help of a psychologist, because there are usually some mental issues involved in eating disorders. References: Eating Disorders Health Consequences, By John M. Grohol, Psy.D, Jun.1, (2010), Retrieved from, www.psychcentral.com Health Risk of Excess Body Fat, n.a., n.d., Retrieved from, www.teach.valosta.edu Environmental and Life Influences on Obesity, By P.J. Brantley, V.H. Myers, H.J. Roy, Jan., (2005), Retrieved from, www.ncbi.nim.nih.gov

Whether History Is An Art Or A Science Philosophy Essay

Whether History Is An Art Or A Science Philosophy Essay In answering the question of whether history is an art or a science, the very nature of the subject is at stake. Interpretations of what discipline history belongs to change over time, leading to a continuing re-evaluation of the subject, beginning in the 19th century. The end result is a debate that is controversial, never fading away in the absence of a finite conclusion. The first argument that emerged was historicism, which began this debate. This was quickly followed by the contrasting beliefs of positivism and idealism. Having looked at some theories which argue either art or science, it is imperative to look at the current status of the debate today. The best answer includes elements from both sides of the argument as an answer that tries to reach a resolution in favour of either side of the argument will almost immediately be disproved. What is evident from this is there is no clear answer to the question, no conclusion will please everybody. Therefore there is a continuing n eed to give this question plenty of attention to try to solve it. Defining what is art, and what is science is important, before discussing the number of theories that have emerged. In the Oxford English Dictionary, art is defined as the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual form such as a painting or sculpture, producing works to be appreciated primarily for their beauty and emotional power  [1]  . Some of what was said is relevant, especially the part that relates to creativity and imagination, a point relevant to idealism. The third definition given is however much more relevant; art is subjects of study concerned with human creativity and social life, such as languages, literature and history (as contrasted with scientific or technical subjects)  [2]  The definition outlines what an art is in the context of the academic world, inferring that art cannot be linked to science. This is shown in the parentheses at the end of the definition, seeming to justify why the historical debate has co ntinued over time; it believes that art is unable to co-exist with science and other technical subjects. These definitions are recent in comparison to the one given in the 1890s by Croce. He states art is neither a means of giving and sensuous pleasure, nor a representation of natural fact but the intuitive vision of individuality  [3]  . Croce begins his definition by outlining what art isnt, before explaining what it is in his opinion, the individual, specifically their intuition. What these definitions show is limited agreement on what an art is. It is a broad term, for which there are many meanings, which over time has changed. The dictionary definition is more recent than Croces, and it shows in the differences of opinion they have. Croce argues the individuals importance, whereas the dictionary argues about creativity, something which today we have taken as to be the exact meaning. The original meaning of science differs to what we believe it to be today, similar to how the definitions of art differ from what Croce thought. Formerly, science meant knowledge, or learning or any branch of it  [4]  . It is an incredibly broad statement, from which it is possible to conclude that most things are science, since almost everything involves learning knowledge. The Oxford English dictionary defines science as the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment  [5]  . From this, it can be inferred that when history is defined as science, they believe that history covers everything, the physical and natural world. Unlike art, there are no further definitions included on science, so it is much simpler to define. It is perhaps this simplicity that leads to history being viewed as a science. One further point relates to definitions in languages b eside English. Carr believes that definitions in other languages hinder the English interpretation of what history is; in every other European language, the equivalent word to science includes history without hesitation  [6]  . He believes that the definition of science is broader than what English makes it out to be, if other languages include science, then that is something that should be looked at in English. Because of this, some historians especially those from Europe assume that what the definition says is what history is. Equally, this debate has been limited to English speaking countries for some time, so perhaps Carr has a point and that English is what is wrong; include history in the definition and it will become accepted. Historicism was the philosophy that ignited the debate over whether history is science or art, at the start of the 19th century. Before this theory emerged, history was viewed as a branch of literature  [7]  , so there was a close link between the two. Historicism is the beginning of a shift away from literature, with the introduction of scientific methods. Popper defines historicism as an approach to the social sciences, which assumes that historical prediction is their principal aim  [8]  . The definition clearly shows the acknowledgement that science was becoming increasingly important to the study of history. Scientific method is apparent from the assertion of laws, which help achieve the aims, set out in the first definition, which are attainable by discovering the rhythms or the patterns, the laws or the trends that underlie the evolution of history  [9]  . Whilst these definitions come from Popper, a critic of historicism they explain what historicism is, showing h ow it moves away from previous beliefs of literature, and the shift towards science, which began this debate. One debate from the middle of the 19th century was the idea of positivism, which was quickly opposed by idealism. Positivism is a philosophy of knowledge, which uses the secrets of the natural world to help understanding of science and knowledge. Collingwood has described it as a philosophy in the service of natural science  [10]  . It is clear that positivism supports ideas linked to science in history, given its closeness to the definition of science outlined above. Positivism is highly dependent on the use of facts, which influence the study of the past. In terms of its method, it is close to a scientific investigation, critical of everything. Tosh comments facts are verified by applying critical methods to primary sources  [11]  , highlighting the thoroughness that is similar to scientific technique, if facts are verified in their context. This obsession with facts led Comte, one of its founders to believe historians would in due course uncover the laws of historical deve lopment  [12]  . The very belief that there are laws in history is confirmation of the positivists belief that history was a science, and if they believe that laws would work in the same way that laws in science worked, then history would be changed forever. In some ways, there is similarity between this idea and historicism, which believes in the existence of laws in history. Positivism continues the discussion. However, this idea is in contrast to Idealism, which rejected the entire principle on which their argument was based. Idealists argue history must be carefully distinguished from natural events because the identity between enquirer and his/her subject matter opens the way to a fuller understanding  [13]  . It dismisses the idea of positivism on the basis of its link to natural sciences. The key beliefs of idealism include empathy and intuition, emotions that the historian themselves can bring to study. Tosh comments, the reality of past events must instead be apprehended by an imaginative identification with the people of the past  [14]  . Methods in idealism are more about the individual historian, how they feel, how they make judgements based on the available evidence and furthermore, how they engage with the past. The basis of idealism is the opposite of positivism, it does not look at scientific method, and rather it believes more in imagination and things that shape inte rpretations. In that respect, it meets the definition that Croce set out at the end of the 19th century, being concerned with the individual and their response. In the present day, this debate continues to have relevance to historians and philosophers alike. The main cause of this is the imperative need to know. History is based around facts, therefore there needs to be a matter of fact judgement that says what discipline history belongs to. Until this happens, the issue will be highly relevant to all in the historical profession. A new theory has emerged in recent decades; Postmodernism. It values the priorization of language over experience  [15]  suggesting art and its associated ideas are today, much more important than any scientific ideas from the past. Southgate argues the incompatibility of postmodernist thinking with history. She describes it as a notoriously elusive concept, one which she feels is seen as an alien and hostile force, which she believes historians fear  [16]  . A working historian, Keith Thomas, reveals his methods are in line with has been construed to be art. He believes that his work is a literary construc tion, shaped by his moral values and intellectual assumptions  [17]  . He raises the contrast of lumpers and splitters, believing himself to be a lumper, as his work contains a broad-brush impression of beliefs and behaviours over a long period of time  [18]  . It is apparent he prefers to cover a wide time period rather analysing a fragment of that, probably because of the amount of research he does and collects, which makes it difficult to be selective with the facts. In conclusion, so much attention has been given to this question of what discipline history belongs to, because it matters hugely to historians. This is obvious from the scale of the debate that has occurred from the mid 19th century, as theories are challenged and counter-challenged. What is evident from all of this is the absence of a single solution to the problem, nobody is able to say History is science or History is art with confidence. In the absence of this, historians are left to discuss the idea, and are still unable to agree. This is because the subject matter is highly delicate to the historical profession, concluding that history is science or art will upset a large number of people who argue against that conclusion. Therefore perhaps the best outcome would be to say that history is neither singularly art nor science, rather is a fusion of the two disciplines. History needs to be interpreted therefore opinion on subjects matters, however there is also a need for close an alysis of source material, to critically look at sources. Good methods of studying need to be encouraged, and if they are in style of a scientific investigation that is no bad thing, seeing as scientists are thorough in their working methods. Similarly, empathy and intuition should also be spoken of as good qualities to have in a historian, the ability to empathise with the past and use ones own initiative are vitally important. Arguments collapse because historians do not look at them critically enough, and therefore have no evidence to back up their opinions. This debate is a dynamic subject, as been shown theories can develop almost overnight; surely the next idea is just around the corner. In this argument, facts are few and far between, and that is the reason for debate, the need for intuition. With no finite concluding statement, the question of whether history is art or science will continue for some time yet.

Working Women and Family Lifestyles Essay -- Papers Feminism Females W

Working Women and Family Lifestyles The issues and concerns of this course are ones with which I am able to identify. Having been married for eight years, a working women and mother qualifies me to give much insight to each of the components listed in this course. My essay will address the following: ï‚ · Past and present status of women in the work place ï‚ · Balancing career and family ï‚ · Career Choices ï‚ · The future of the family In addition, I will expand on the implications of single parenthood and how it affects women?s careers and raising a family. PAST AND PRESENT STATUS OF WOMEN IN THE WORK PLACE Every day in some office, bank, store, school, or wherever women work, someone announces an engagement or a wedding. But unlike past generations, the announcement doesn?t automatically mean the employee is leaving. She is just adding a new dimension to herself-marriage. Unlike her predecessor, she will work for a much longer period because she can decide when to begin her family. If she decides to have a family, her leave of absence is apt to be less than five years, because she is a member of the new breed of women who attempt to combine the roles of career woman, mother, and wife into a workable package. Wives have been working for a much longer period than most people think. Before the Industrial Revolution, even wealthy women worked long hours supervising the needs of large families, household servants, and slaves. Most American families engaged in farming then. Often husband and wife worked together in order to make a profit. During the time of the Revolutionary, women worked in the fields plowing and harvesting, because all males were away fighting the war. By the ... ...y and to achieve what they want regardless if it is deemed a man?s job or woman?s job. In fact, my children see me do both. I mow the lawn, wash the cars, take out the garbage and do dishes, laundry and clean bathrooms. I also work, go to school but love to have fun water-skiing, snow-skiing and coaching and playing softball. My new husband does the same except he is indeed the bread-winner of the family. That to me is a fairly well-rounded parental example. I hope my children surpass me, at parallel age levels, in all ways. Theories and principles related to the past and present status and role of women in work, behavioral, and socialization patterns affecting career choices and leadership abilities. Dual career couples, child-raising issues, and the future of the family. Special problems of re-entry women and current legislation affecting women at work.

Black Plague Essay -- essays research papers

Living in Europe in the middle of the 1300’s would have been heartbreaking and dreadful. Not only were the living conditions very poor but there was an unknown disease that was wiping out a large percentage of European population. One cannot imagine the fear of wondering whether you or someone you loved was going to catch this deadly disease. No explanation would make a person feel safe from catching it or dying with it. The people of Europe just lived their lives as best they could realizing that nothing they do could ever stop this. They did not have the power to stop this it was far too beyond them. This unknown disease is known as the Bubonic Plague.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The plague was passed among many rodents by fleas. Most of the rodents were rats. Fleas living on the rat‘s blood would eject the disease into the rat causing it to die quickly. When there were no rats left around, the flea would search for a new host, such as a human. When an infected flea bit the human the bacteria multiplies quickly causing death within a few Days. One a person obtains this disease they can easily spread it among other humans by bacilli coughed or sneezed in to the air or by human fleas.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The plague had struck other parts of the world before it was first reported in Europe. The disease had been found in China and throughout India around 1332. Nomadic horsemen may have carried the plague westward between China and the Black Sea, where it apparently spread into Russia. Rumors had spread to Europe about the strange and terrible things happening in the East. Europeans began fearing this plague not knowing of its origin or cause. Eventually, the same unusual things started to occur in Europe and the plague was then reported to be in Europe.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As the bubonic plague spread across Europe it was called many names. Italians were dying by the thousands so they called it the Great Death. The Spanish called it Moroccan Fever, while Moroccans called it Mountain Fever. Most Europeans called it the Italian Fever or Italian Pestilence. It was not until later when the plague was called the Black Death. Black in Latin means dreadful, unlucky, and gloomy. This and because of black spots on the skin of many plague victims led the people to associate the word black with the plague. There a... ... servants or even people they loved. Poor people living in crowded, dirty towns and cities fled from those who came down with the disease. Wives abandoned sick husbands; parents deserted their diseased children. The sick were left to die and the dead was left unburied. Things in Europe were getting worse by the day. Until the day that so many died off that the few left were healthy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before the plague, Europe had been severely overpopulated and almost in a great economic depression. Most of the land that could be farmed on had been abused. This made it difficult to grow food. After the plague ran its course food shortages grew even worse. Many of the survivors were reduced to eating cats and dogs. Some went too more extreme by eating their own children. The plague had seemed to solve the problem of population but it made worse the food and economic situation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Life for these people went on but was not enjoyed. Changes were to come but it seemed to take forever. Fear, horror, and death was known well by most of these people and the sorrow and despair for these people will never be forgotten.

The Western Roman Empire – the Rise & Fall

Western Roman Empire | A map depicting the separate empires of Rome| Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase From Kingdom To Republic The Etruscans and Rome (Previous Wiki notes) There are many different versions on how Rome started the ones told to kids are very simple with very few names: . Ancient Rome for Kids  The story of Romulus and Remus for adults have dates, more names and details:  Wolf Country, Myth and Stories You can find many versions of myths, however the version the text book talks about Aeneas, a refugee from Troy who migrated to Italy when Greek invaders destroyed his land.Tow of his decedents, twins; Romulus and Remus, almost didn't survive infancy because and evil uncle abandoned them by a flooded Tiber River. A she-wolf found them and nursed them back to health. When the boys grew older, Romulus founded the city of Rome and established himself as its first kind in 753 B. C. E. However scholars tell a different story. Some Greek historians believe that Aeneas settled at Rome, which was a small city-state. In the fourth century B. C. , Rome began to expand and Romans came into greater contact with the Greeks, which suggest that Aeneas has a role in the creation of the great city.In the first century B. C. , the Roman Poet Virgil developed the Aeneas myth in his epic poem the  Aeneid, which talked about Aeneas’ journey to Rome. Augustus, the first Roman emperor and emperor during Virgil’s time, and Julius Caesar, his great uncle and predecessor as the Roman ruler, were known to be decedents of Aeneas. ( Information founded in the article:  This Day in History: Rome founded) The text book talks about how Indo-Europeans migrated crossed the Alps and settled through the Italian peninsula, including the future site of Rome. The Roman Republic and Its ConstitutionThe Romans got rid of the last Etruscan king in 509 B. C. E. The republican constution had two consuls; military and civil. These consuls were elected by an assembly that was dominated by the high class, or patricians. There was also a senate which advised the consuls and helped ratify major decisions. Because both the senate and consuls represented only the interests of the patricians there were many conflicts between the patricians and the lower class, or plebeians. To solve these conflicts, the patricians gave the plebeians tribunes, or people the plebeians could elect to speak for them.The tribunes had the  power  to intervene and veto decisions. The plebeians began to gain  power, by the early third century B. C. E the plebeians' tribunes dominated Roman politics. From Republic To Empire Imperial Expansion and Domestic Problems During the second and first centuries B. C. E, the relations between the classes were so strained that there was much conflict and violence. Two brothers, Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus worked to spread the land possesion and tried to limit the ammount of land a certain person could hold. Unfortunately though, the y were both assasinated for fear of gaining influence over Roman affairs.The people that were in control of the political  power, were of a small class that used the power to only help themselves and their class. In 87 B. C. E Marius marched on Rome and during the first century B. C. E, Rome was in civil war. When Marius died the next year, Sulla planned to take power and soon did in 83 B. C. E. Many conservatives supported Sulla because he imposed many conservative legislation. The Foundation of Empire Julius Caesar seized Rome in 49 B. C. E by being a very popular public figure. He believed strongly in  social  reform and conquered Gaul.He was responsible for a lot of  social  reforms and changed the gonvernment to centralized control. Caesar claimed the title â€Å"dictator for life†, which earned him his assasination in 44 B. C. E. After Caesar was killed, his adopted son, Octavian, after defeating Mark Antony, took over Rome and brought civil conflict to an end . The senate bestowed the title â€Å"Augustus,† to him in 27 B. C. E. He ran a monarchy disguised as a republic. While he was in power, a new standing army was created and the imperial institutions began to take root. Continuing Expansion and Integration of the EmpireThe two centuries following Augustus's rule, the Romans conquered lands in the Mediterranean basin, western Europe, and down the Nile to Kush. For two and a half centuries into the third century a long era of peace was prevelant among economic and political integration, this was called  pax romana, or â€Å"Roman peace†. Another important Roman advance was the road and highway system. The new road systems created were very well engineered and allowed for extremely quick and urgent travel, which improved the postal system extremely. Also during this time, Romans began developing a system of written law at about 450 B. C. E.They developed a system called the Twelve Tables, which was a basic law code for c itizens for the early republic. Economy and Society In the Roman Mediterranean Trade and Urbanization Latifundia owners grew various crops to export in North Africa, Egypt, and Sicily. Ships carried several hundred tons of crops to cities for consumers. Other cities and regions could now focus on cultivating fruits and vegetables or manufacturing goods. Archaeologists have uncovered a pottery factory north of Rome that probably employed hundreds of workers and had a mixing vat that could hold more than 10,568 gallons (40,000 liters) of clay.The Mediterranean lake became an essential lake for the Romans because it linked many cities and was used for trading. They called the lake  mare nostrum  which means â€Å"our sea. † The Roman military and navy kept the seas mostly free of pirates to ensure that cargoes could move freely over long distances. The city of Rome received taxes, tributes, booty and other wealth from military expansion. Rome also received most of the profit from Mediterranean trade. The money was used for urban development. In the first century C. E. , there were about 10,000 statues, 700 pools, 500 fountains, and 36 monumental arches.The state financed the construction of temples, bath houses, public buildings, stadiums, and aqueducts. The aqueducts were very important because they brought fresh water to Rome. They used concrete (invented by Roman engineers) to build the aqueducts because it is very strong. The population increased dramatically because construction employed hundreds of thousands of workers. Family and Society in Roman Times The eldest male was usually the head of the common Roman family and ruled as  Pater Familias, or â€Å"father of the family†.As the pater families, the father could do anything he wanted with his children, like planning weddings or even executing them. Despite Roman law, women could hold high influence within the family. The women also would help plan weddings and even help with family fi nances by finding loopholes in Roman Law. As time went on, new classes of people accumulated lots of private wealth for themselves. The wealthy would live in palaces and eat exotic dishes with animal tongues in them. If there are wealthy people, there are lots of poor people, who became a big problem in Rome.The poor would often riot, but the government used a technique called â€Å"Bread and Circuses† where they would supply the poor with subsidized grain and spectacular public entertainment. One big part of Roman society was the slaves. About one third (Two sixths, three ninths, etc. ,) of the population were slaves; most of which worked on Latifundia, while others worked mines. During the second and first centuries, slaves would often revolt. One of the more serious revolts being in 73 BCE where 70,000 slaves rebelled was led by Spartacus. City slaves had a much less difficult life.Female slaves worked as servants, whereas educated or talented male slaves could lead comfor table lives, such as Epictetus, who became a Stoic philosopher. Some slaves hoped for manumission, so they could leave the slave life behind. This was not mandatory for owners, so they slaves still had to work under the owner's command until they might be set free. The owners could do anything they wanted to with the slaves. The Cosmopolitan Mediterranean Greek Philosophy and Religions of Salavation The Romans believed in Gods and Goddesses who intervened in human affairs, and tutelary deities who looked after the welfare of families.As the Roman empire grew, they experienced more cultures, which lead to them adopting deities from other people and adapted them to their own purposes. As well as using other cultures' deities, they also borrowed religious practices, like animal sacrifices. The Greeks inspired the Romans in ways like rational thought and philosophy. One example is the Stoicism. The Stoics â€Å"sought to identify a set of universal moral standards based on nature and r eason that would transcend local ethical codes†. Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43 b. c. e. ) was a Roman thinker who adopted the Stoic values.In adapting Hellenistic thought to Roman needs, Cicero drew heavily from Stoics' moral and ethical teachings. Cicero believed that the pursuit of justice is a person's duty and was against those who sought wealth and power through immoral ways. The majority of people believed in religions of salvation because it gave them a promise of future existence. Religions of salvation became key features of Mediterranean society in the Helenistic times. The roads of the Roman empire not only served as trade routes, but as openings for the word of religious salvation to spread. Mithraism started as a cult for Mithras, a god for the sun and light.Soldiers in Anatolia adapted the cult to their own interests, and related it to strength and courage rather than the sun and light. The cult of Mithras did not allow women, but cults for goddesses like Isis sp read. The cult of Isis was the most popular before Christianity spread. All of these religions spread through the Mediterranean basin. Judaism and Early Christianity In an attempt to encourage political loyalty, emperors often created state cults to worship the emperors as gods. The Jews believed that the creation of these cults was totally outside of the belief of their religion.Jews often refused to pay taxes to the emperors who had claimed themselves to be gods. As the Romans began to spread into the eastern Mediterranean region the relations between the Romans and the Jews became more and more tense. Between the third and first centuries B. C. E. the Jews mounted several rebellious attacks against the Romans but ultimately failed. The Roman forces outfought the rebels during the Jewish War of 66 to 70 C. E. Some Jews actively fought the Romans and others founded new sects that looked for saviors. They observed a strict moral code and participated in rituals designed to reinforce a state of community.They also looked for a savior who would take them away from Roman rule and lead them to establish a community in which they could practice faith without interference. The early Christians probably had little contact with them but had many of the same concerns. Christians formed their community around Jesus of Nazareth. | Jesus of Nazareth| The Fall of the Roman Empire Internal Decay in the Roman Empire Although it is perceived that the collapse of the Roman empire only had one cause, there were actually multiple causes that caused the fall of the empire.The combination of internal problems and external pressures proved deadly for the civilization. Internal political problems included internal opposition, which was mostly the work of the 26 claimants. The claimants were successors to the imperial throne, and were nicknamed â€Å"barracks emperors. † Their deaths were violent, often times because of one another, and held their power for short periods of ti me. The shear size of the Roman empire also proved problematic for the future of Rome. Central governments were difficult to control over large areas, and epidemics soon spread like wildfire over the uncontrolled region.Eventually, self-sufficient economies took the place of a large central government. Diocletian, who reigned from 284-305 CE, attempted to solve the problem of size by dividing the empire into two administrative districts. Two co-emperors ruled the districts, with the aid of lieutenants and 4 officials, or tetrarchs. Only these officials were allowed to minister. Diocletian was a skilled administrator who brought Rome's armies under control, and strengthened the imperial currency. Although his war strategies were more effective than his economic ones, this helped stabilize Rome's economy.His retirement later resulted in civil war. Constantine was the son of Diocletian's co-ruler Constantius became the emperor. Constantine wanted to become the sole emperor of Rome, so he reunited the Eastern and Western districts of Rome. Constantine wanted a new capital for the new united empire, so he built the city of Constantinople. Old problems of centralized government arose from this reunion, as both the population and economy of reunited Rome declined. There were no resources left to protect the new empire and its people, ending the reign of Constantine.Germanic Invasions and the Fall of the Western Roman Empire Military threat from migratory Germanic peoples and Germanic invasions brought an end to Roman authority in the western half of the empire, while the eastern half survived another millennium. The Visigroths, the most famous of this group of migrants, adopted Roman culture and laws, but were advised to settle outside of the imperial boundaries. The Huns, who migrated from Central Asia, were brilliantly led by the warrior-king Atilla, who organized the Huns into a nearly unstoppable military unit. They attacked Germanic peoples living on Roman empir e boundaries.The Huns disappeared after Atilla's death, but the Germanic peoples had such an effect from their violence that they began to seek refuge in Rome. They scattered in settlements throughout the Western Roman empire, and later overthrew the governments they were living under. The Visiogroths, under the leadership of Alaric, sacked Rome in 410 CE. Odovacer, a Germanic ruler, deposed Romulus Agustulus, ending the Western Roman empire. Cultural Change in the Late Roman Empire Germanic peoples governed and organized society with their own traditions now that they lacked the guardianship of the Romans.They adopted some Roman influence, mostly Roman laws which resonated deeply within their systems. Roman and Germanic traditions later blended to form Medieval Europe. Christianity survived the Roman empire collapse, and it became a huge influencer in the region. Constantine promulgated the  Edict of Milan,  which allowed Christians to practice their faith openly in the Roman e mpire. Constantine himself converts to Christianity, and the later emperor, Theodosius, makes Christianity the official religion of the Roman empire.Christianity historically resonated with the lower classes and women because of its equal nature, but during the 4th century CE, that began to change when intellectual elites began to take more interest in Christianity. St. Augustine (354-430 CE) was he most important and influential figure in the spread of Christianity after the collapse of the Western Roman empire. He was a bishop of Hippo, (a town in Northern Africa) and worked to reconcile Christianity with Greek and Roman philosophical traditions, and to articulate Christianity with the upper classes.Controversy arose within the religion, putting tension between people who interpreted the Christian doctrine in different ways. The foundation of the institutional church formed shortly after these disputes began to arise. The bishop of Rome, known as the Pope, and 4 patriarchs, were t he church officials. Bishops and patriarchs would assemble in church councils to solve disputes, often times over the interpretations of Christine doctrines. In the meantime, missionaries converted Germanic peoples to Christianity.